There is a legend of how the liturgy and the Faith took hold in Rus (Russia). Prince Vladimir of Kiev was seeking a right worship for his people and sent representatives to look into various faiths and also liturgies. When emissaries went south to observe the Greek Christian Liturgy, they returned saying that they were not sure if they had been in Heaven or on Earth, so beautiful was what they had seen in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. They were sure that God dwelt there among men.
It is only a legend, however; the roots of Christian faith among the Russians is a lot more complicated. But the legend does capture the fact that the Byzantine Liturgy of the Eastern Church was a significant factor in advancing Christianity among the people who populate what is today Russia, the Ukraine, Georgia, and other nearby lands.
Joseph Ratzinger (Benedict XVI), while noting the legendary quality of the story, speaks to this legend to underscore that the Sacred Liturgy can and does have a missionary quality that can inspire and draw others to the one true God.
Exactly how the liturgy does this, however, is a matter of debate. Some would argue that it is essentially the beauty of the Liturgy and its capacity to draw us away from the mundane that leads people to God. Others emphasize a more didactic quality, wherein the elements of the liturgy must be intelligible and quickly grasped by the faithful and made applicable to daily life.
Of course we want to avoid a false dichotomy, in which one vision must be chosen to the exclusion of the other. Both notions have important insights. Yet in our time it is clear that, at least in the Roman liturgy, the emphasis has fallen on making the liturgy more intelligible and relevant to modern life, than ethereal and meant to draw us up and out of the ordinary through sublime beauty.
Cardinal Ratzinger, writing in 2005, said of this trend,
The way of thinking about “missionary liturgy” that became widespread in the fifties is, at the least, ambiguous and problematical. In many circles, among people concerned with liturgy, it led, in a quite inappropriate fashion, to turning a didactic element in the liturgy, and its comprehensibility even for outsiders, into the primary standard for shaping liturgical celebrations. Likewise, the saying that the choice of liturgical forms must be made with respect to “pastoral” points of view betrays the same anthropocentric error. The liturgy is then being constructed entirely for men. … Thus suggestions for styling liturgy became profane models, drawn for instance from the way meetings are held … or socialization rituals. God does not actually play a role there; it is all concerned with winning people over, or keeping them happy and satisfying their demands. … No faith [is] aroused in that way [p. 332].
His language is quite strong here. Yet anthropocentricism (the belief that man rather than God is at the center of existence) remains a consistent, troubling trend in liturgy today. It is a hard mentality to break in a culture so centered on consumerism and “pleasing the customer.” This may work well in markets, but in faith and to some degree in education, it is a harmful trend. God, the liturgy, and truth itself do not exist to please us, but rather to summon us to challenging heights, beyond our mere pleasures and passions.
I have written before on this blog about anthropocentrism (HERE). And while we obviously cannot wholly abandon a notion of the liturgy being intelligible, we are ultimately being drawn into mysteries above and beyond us and thus the liturgy should have mysterious and sublime aspects.
In the same essay Cardinal Ratzinger wrote,
What persuaded the emissaries of the Russian Prince of the truth of the faith celebrated in the … liturgy was not … arguments that seemed clearer than those of other religions. What moved them was in fact the mystery as such, which demonstrated the power of the truth actually, transcending the arguments of reason … The Byzantine liturgy was not, and is not, concerned to indoctrinate other people or show them how pleasing and entertaining it might be. What was impressive about it was particularly its sheer lack of practical purpose, the fact that it was being done for God and not for spectators. … It was simply striving to be pleasing to God as the sacrifice of Abel had been pleasing to God … turning the gaze toward God was what allowed God’s light to stream down [and] … be detected even by outsiders [p. 331-332].
And there is the money quote: it was being done for God and not for spectators. … It was simply striving to be pleasing to God.
How different this is from today, when the liturgy seems so focused on us. Everything must be understood (using the vernacular both literally and figuratively). Music must not be too taxing and must be something the people can sing along with. Rituals must not be too elaborate. And, ironically, in the one place where intelligibility is most important (the sermon), it is often said that it should be brief and more an exhortatory than an instructive moment.
None of these things are intrinsically bad, but they are out of balance. There is little notion that the liturgy is directed first and foremost to God, that it is worship of God, that the rituals are for Him and are a sacrifice of praise, not merely a ceremony that pleases us.
It is not unfair to say that in the older form of the Roman Rite (especially low Mass) the people were so uninvolved as to be almost unnecessary, an afterthought. Everything was done by the priest and the servers. But perhaps we have overcorrected. Turning toward the people, introducing more vernacular, and simplifying the rites were seen as a way to involve and reintegrate the whole people of God, the whole Body of Christ into the sacred action of Christ as head and High Priest giving perfect worship to the Father.
But now may be a time for us to consider bringing back the balance we have lost, reintroducing sacred language, teaching more that God and the worship of Him are the essential focus of our liturgy. A gentle reintroduction of orienting especially the Eucharistic Prayer toward God, through a unified posture and direction of all toward the Cross, may be helpful (under the guidance of the bishop). The Liturgy of the Word can and should remain directed toward the people, for they are the goal of this proclamation.
Many will debate exactly what is to be done and how quickly, but it seems clear that balance needs to be restored in most parish settings. The ultimate goal, as Cardinal Ratzinger wrote, is that our Liturgy be done for God more than for spectators, that we simply strive to be pleasing to God. The inclusion of God’s people is important, but not in a way that forgets our collective purpose of worshiping of God, who is worthy of our sacrifice of praise. It should not be reduced merely to what pleases us.
Pope Benedict observed elsewhere that for those who prefer traditional Liturgy there is also a risk in reducing the liturgy to mere aestheticism, in which what is considered beautiful and more ancient is preferred, and is the focus for that reason. The manifestation may be more lofty and less worldly, but the error is the same: liturgy is what pleases me and its purpose is to cater to my tastes. Things in the traditional arena can get very particular, such that Roman vs. Gothic vestments, tabernacle veils vs. none, or a missed genuflection by the celebrant can become contentious and lead to uncharitable remarks after Mass.
There is not time in this post to lay out the essentials of liturgy as Scripture sets them forth. I have done that elsewhere in the past. But God gave at least the essentials on Sinai to Moses, to His disciples at the Last Supper, and to John in Revelation 4, 5 and 8. From these essentials we build and set our focus on what pleases God.
The deepest questions of any liturgy should be, “Was God worshipped?” and “Was God the true focus of our hearts?”
Great blog post, Father!
Just a small thing: I couldn’t see a citation for your quotes from Cardinal Ratzinger, so to aid those who want to read his whole essay, “Eucharist and Mission” (originally given as a lecture in 1997), it can be found in Pilgrim Fellowship of Faith: The Church as Communion (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2005), pp. 90-122.
(From the page numbers given, I assume you’re citing the same essay from Ratzinger’s Collected Works, vol. 11)
Thanks, sorry, I am having trouble with my wordpress editor and so have trouble repairing it. The citation comes from Ratzinger’s collected works Vol 11 pp.331-332
God has already spoken twice on this matter (at least): 1) in his admonition to King David for thinking that he should build a house for God and 2) in the acts, writings and fruits of Vatican II ecumenical council. We already direct our worship to God in the EUCHARIST which is the SOURCE AND SUMMIT of our faith and Who is ALWAYS at the CENTER of every Mass, whether spoken in the vernacular or in Latin, whether facing east or up or down or to the left or the right. God is right there in our midst even in the Ordinary Form of the Mass. Instead of waxing and waning over the particular form, rite or rubrics, we should work on the lack of faith and the lack of love of some who celebrate the Mass and work on the damage done with the horror of the sex abuse scandals. I am astonished by those who doubt that God really guides the Church in ecumenical councils and I am astonished that the examples of the popes since St John XIII who fully embraced the Novus Ordo is so quickly cast aside as an apparent error, at least according to the writings of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI which are used to argue against the work which God, Himself has set into motion. Personally, I would be more apt to follow the writings of those popes who were loyal to the teachings of God in all of his ecumenical councils, keeping the disobedient at bay, such as those of SSPX.
Dear Taylor,
It isn’t that there was error in the Vatican II documents that is being addressed by Pope Emeritus Benedict or Msgr Pope. There was error, however, in how the documents were interpreted by bishops and priests. There were liberties taken that should not of been taken and so the great gift of the Mass was played with in the hands of many clergy. As a result there is a loss of reverence and awe in the presence of God within our churches. That lack of reverence and awe has filtered out into the lives we live. This is what Msgr Pope is addressing. These other problems of the Church that you address would lessen greatly if we would worship God as His children should (or maybe I didn’t understand your point correctly).
God bless.
No. You are saying that all of the Popes, who are bishops, lacked integrity by faithfully using the Novus Ordo, AS HANDED DOWN AND ACCORDING TO THE RUBRICS, with faithfulness to the call of Hod at Vatican II. No. OBEDIENCE is what is necessary.
Call of God, not Hod. My device loves to misspell words on my behalf…
I am disappointed with what you have said about the Low Mass, Monseigneur Pope.
It is a bit disingenuous to imply that it leads to people being uninvolved. I would assert that the involvement, or, if you will, participation of the people in the pews encouraged by that form is more akin to the participation of Mary and Saint John on Calvary. While Jesus Christ is dying for our sins on the cross, they are being present and uniting their hearts with His.
Furthermore, the Extraordinary Form can be done in a “dialogue form”, which appears closer to what one may term “active participation” in the Ordinary form.
I hope that I have not come across as a crank or pompous and condescending, because I do not think I am, nor am I trying to be, but that I have merely presented the view of those who do prefer the Extraordinary Form.
Why do you use the word “disingenuous” Please avoid personal attacks and focus on the issue. This is not about me. Disagree if you like but avoid attributions to my personal motives or moral stance. You don’t know me.
Monseigneur Pope, I apologise for my poor choice of vocabulary. That was the wrong word. I did not mean to attack you. I suppose I had a false idea of the definition of that word.
If you would be forgiving enough to allow me to rephrase that first sentence: “I do not believe you are correct in claiming that the Low Mass directly leads to people being uninvolved”.
Again, I am sorry for using the wrong word and coming across as a presumptuous, strident, or aggressive. I understand that you, as someone who publishes on the internet, must come across an unfair share of cranks. I am not a crank (the difficulty in communicating tone is a problem for internet comments), I just have one small disagreement with what you have said. Please overlook my error and see that I have no wish to attack you.
Bless you. Thanks!
As a child I remember thinking how wonderful it must of been for Adam and Eve to walk in the Garden with God before the great fall. But with the life, death and resurrection of Our Savior that walk is now possible for us today when we are in the Presence of Our Eucharistic Lord, and at Mass the Angel steps aside and we are able to approach and receive from the Tree of Life. If we put ourselves in that true setting, reverence and awe command us to worship.
The Spirit of the Liturgy is a book written by Pope Benedict before he was pope. It is beautiful food for the mind and soul in embracing the Gift of the Mass with a deeper understanding to its need and proper place our lives.
In the late 1980’s I was attending a wedding and overheard a man who hadn’t been in a Catholic Church in decades say: “Is this really a Catholic Church?.” He further talked with others and couldn’t get over how much the Church had changed and wondered if it was still Catholic. In essence, the new mass being so much different than the Latin one it had quite an effect on his perception of the church.
Amen.